NIVAQUINE P SYP

Chloroquine primarily exerts its therapeutic effects through its interaction with various cellular processes, particularly within the parasite species Plasmodium, which is responsible for malaria. The mechanism of action involves multiple stages. Firstly, chloroquine is believed to inhibit the heme polymerase enzyme, disrupting the conversion of toxic heme into non-toxic hemazoin, which is essential for the parasite's survival. This accumulation of toxic heme within the parasite leads to its demise. Moreover, chloroquine interferes with the parasite's ability to digest hemoglobin by inhibiting the proteolytic activity of digestive vacuoles, further contributing to its antimalarial activity. Additionally, it may impact the parasite's cellular processes by altering the pH within the digestive vacuoles, impeding essential enzymatic reactions required for the parasite's metabolism and replication. This multifaceted mechanism of action makes chloroquine a potent and effective treatment for malaria.

Chloroquine

Antimalarial

Suspension

The following are the uses of Chloroquine Syrup/Suspension:

• Used for treating malaria, effectively combating the parasite causing the disease.
• Used for preventing and managing acute attacks of malaria, especially in regions with high resistance to other antimalarials.
• Used for its anti-inflammatory properties, particularly in treating rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.
• Used for controlling symptoms like joint swelling, pain, and stiffness in autoimmune conditions.
• Used for its immunomodulatory effects, helping regulate the immune system's response.
• Used for treating certain parasitic infections beyond malaria, as prescribed by a doctor.
• Used for managing specific dermatological conditions, such as amebic liver abscesses.
• Used for its versatility in tropical medicine, offering both curative and preventive benefits.

In the case of an overdose of Chloroquine Syrup/Suspension, symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and in severe cases, seizures or cardiac complications. Prompt medical attention is necessary, as healthcare professionals can provide supportive care and manage symptoms. Treatment may involve inducing vomiting or administering activated charcoal to minimize absorption. It is crucial to seek emergency assistance if an overdose is suspected to prevent potential life-threatening complications.

In the case of a missed dose of Chloroquine Syrup/Suspension, it is important to take the medication as soon as you remember. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and resume your regular dosing schedule. Do not double the dose to make up for a missed one, as this may increase the risk of side effects. If you miss multiple doses, contact your healthcare provider for guidance on how to safely resume your medication regimen. It is crucial to maintain consistency in taking this medication as prescribed.

To use Chloroquine Syrup/Suspension, shake the bottle well, measure the prescribed dose with a measuring device, and administer it orally once or twice a day as directed by your healthcare provider, ensuring the dosage is based on your age and weight.

Here are the situations when Chloroquine Syrup/Suspension should not be used:

• Not recommended for individuals with a known allergy to chloroquine or related compounds such as hydroxychloroquine.
• Contraindicated in patients with known retinal disorders or a history of retinopathy.
• Should not be used in patients with severe liver disease or liver failure.
• Not suitable for individuals with known glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency.
• Contraindicated during the breast-feeding period.
• Avoid use in patients with known hypersensitivity to quinine or quinidine.
• Not recommended for long-term use in children due to potential risks.
• Should not be used in patients with known heart rhythm disorders or a prolonged QT interval.

The side effects of Chloroquine Syrup/Suspension may include:

• Nausea and vomiting
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Blurred vision or visual disturbances
• Skin rashes or itching
• Muscle weakness
• Abdominal pain

Following are the precautions and warnings for Chloroquine Syrup/Suspension:

• This medication should be used with caution in patients with liver or kidney disease, as it may require dosage adjustments or close monitoring.
• Chloroquine can cause serious eye problems; regular eye tests are recommended during long-term treatment. If any changes in vision occur, medical advice should be sought immediately.
• Patients with a history of epilepsy or seizures should use this medication with caution, as it may lower the seizure threshold.
• Chloroquine may cause dizziness or blurred vision, so patients should avoid driving or operating heavy machinery until they know how the medication affects them.
• Elderly patients may be more sensitive to the side effects, particularly eye problems and dizziness.
• It is important to complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms improve, to ensure the infection is fully treated.
• Chloroquine should not be used in children under 6 years old, and the dosage should be carefully calculated for children, as it is based on body weight.

Following are the drug interactions for Chloroquine Syrup/Suspension:

• Cimetidine and Chloroquine both inhibit CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes, potentially leading to increased plasma concentrations of Chloroquine.
• Antacids containing aluminum or magnesium may reduce the absorption of Chloroquine, so they should be taken at least 4 hours apart.
• Chloroquine can increase digoxin levels, requiring close monitoring of digoxin concentrations.
• Concomitant use with mefloquine may increase the risk of convulsions and hypoglycemia.
• Anticonvulsants like phenytoin and carbamazepine can lower Chloroquine levels, possibly reducing its effectiveness.
• The combination of Chloroquine and cyclosporine may result in increased cyclosporine levels, requiring dosage adjustments.
• Chloroquine can enhance the effects of neuromuscular blocking agents, necessitating close monitoring during anesthesia.

Following are the food interactions for Chloroquine Syrup/Suspension:

• Avoid alcohol consumption as it may increase the risk of side effects and can affect the liver, especially when used for long-term treatment.
• Grapefruit and grapefruit juice should be consumed with caution as they can inhibit the metabolism of Chloroquine, leading to increased blood levels and potential toxicity.
• Dairy products like milk and yogurt can decrease the absorption of Chloroquine, so it is advisable to take the medication at least 1-2 hours before or after consuming these foods.
• High-fat meals may delay the absorption of Chloroquine, so it is recommended to avoid taking the medication with a heavy, fatty meal.
• Caffeine-rich foods and beverages such as coffee, tea, and energy drinks may increase the side effects of Chloroquine, including nervousness and insomnia.
• Avoid taking Chloroquine with citrus fruits like oranges, lemons, and limes as they can potentially reduce the drug's effectiveness.
• Certain vitamin and mineral supplements, especially those containing calcium and magnesium, may interact with Chloroquine and affect its absorption, so it's best to take them at different times.
• Consult your healthcare provider for specific dietary guidelines, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking other medications.

Chloroquine Syrup/Suspension should be stored with caution, ensuring it is kept in a cool, dry area at room temperature, ideally between 15-25°C (59-77°F). Protect the medication from light and moisture by storing it in its original container, tightly sealed. Avoid exposure to heat, as high temperatures can impact the medicine's effectiveness. Always check the expiry date, and if the syrup is past its expiration or no longer needed, do not flush or pour it down the drain. Consult your pharmacist for safe disposal methods to protect the environment. Keep the medication away from children to prevent accidental consumption.

Following are the quick tips for Chloroquine Syrup/Suspension:

• Ensure you take the prescribed dosage as advised by your doctor.
• Before use, shake the bottle vigorously to blend the contents thoroughly.
• Administer the syrup with water; avoid tea, coffee, or dairy for better absorption.
• Maintain a consistent daily schedule for taking the medication.
• If stomach irritation occurs, consider taking it with meals.
• Store the syrup safely, away from children's access.
• Regularly monitor for potential side effects and consult your doctor if any concerns arise.