SYNEPHRINE INJ

Phenylephrine injection acts primarily by stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors, which are located in the blood vessels. This stimulation causes vasoconstriction, leading to a narrowing of the blood vessels. The mechanism involves the activation of alpha-1 adrenoceptors, primarily in the arterioles and veins, resulting in an increase in peripheral vascular resistance. This action reduces blood flow through the dilated vessels, particularly in the nasal passages, which leads to a decrease in congestion and inflammation. The constriction of blood vessels helps to reduce nasal congestion by shrinking swollen nasal tissues, allowing for easier breathing. By promoting vasoconstriction, phenylephrine effectively reduces nasal congestion and provides symptomatic relief without directly affecting the histamine response.

Alpha-adrenergic agonist

Injection

The following are the uses of Phenylephrine Injection:

• Used for raising blood pressure in conditions like shock, where a rapid response is crucial.
• Used for treating severe hypotension, providing immediate support to critically low blood pressure.
• Used for managing blood pressure during surgeries to ensure patient stability.
• Used for maintaining cardiovascular stability in emergency situations.
• Used for treating postural hypotension, a sudden drop in blood pressure upon standing.
• Used for cases of acute hypotension due to blood loss or dehydration.
• Used for supporting blood circulation in the extremities, improving oxygen delivery.
• Used for temporarily restoring blood pressure in life-threatening situations.

In the case of an overdose of Phenylephrine Injection, individuals may experience severe hypertension, resulting in a rapid and forceful heartbeat. Other symptoms include nervousness, headaches, and nausea. Immediate medical intervention is necessary, as treatment should focus on managing these symptoms and stabilizing blood pressure. This may involve administering medications to counteract the effects of phenylephrine and closely monitoring vital signs until the patient's condition improves.

In the case of a missed dose of Phenylephrine Injection, it is important to administer the missed dose as soon as you remember. However, if it is almost time for the next scheduled dose, it is best to skip the missed dose to avoid a potential overdose. Never double the dose to make up for a missed one. If you miss multiple doses, contact your healthcare professional for advice on how to safely resume the medication. It is crucial to follow the prescribed dosing schedule to ensure the medication's effectiveness and to minimize potential side effects.

To administer Phenylephrine Injection, clean the injection site with an alcohol swab, insert the needle at a 90-degree angle, and slowly inject the prescribed dose subcutaneously, ensuring the entire medication is delivered, and then gently apply pressure with a cotton ball or gauze to stop any minor bleeding.

Following are the conditions/situations when Phenylephrine Injection should not be administered:

• Must not be used in individuals with a known allergy or hypersensitivity to Phenylephrine or any other sympathomimetic agents.
• Contraindicated in patients with severe or uncontrolled high blood pressure (hypertension).
• Not suitable for individuals with cardiovascular diseases, including severe coronary artery disease, heart rhythm disorders, or a history of heart attack.
• Should not be used in patients with severe peripheral vascular disease or peripheral artery disease.
• Contraindicated in patients with angle-closure glaucoma.
• Not recommended for individuals with an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism).
• Must not be used during or within 14 days of taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
• Should be avoided in patients with a history of severe anxiety or panic disorders.
• Contraindicated in patients with severe kidney disease or end-stage renal disease.

The possible side effects of Phenylephrine Injection may include:

• Nausea and vomiting.
• Headache.
• Anxiety or nervousness.
• Restlessness or tremors.
• Increased blood pressure (hypertension).
• Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia).
• Skin reactions such as rash or itching.
• Difficulty in urination.

Following are the precautions and warnings for Phenylephrine Injection:

• This medication should not be used in patients with severe hypertension or those with a history of cardiovascular disease, as it can increase blood pressure and heart rate.
• Patients with diabetes should use it with caution as it may affect blood sugar levels.
• It should be administered with caution in elderly patients, as they may be more sensitive to its effects.
• Do not use if you have an allergy to phenylephrine or any other decongestants.
• Patients with thyroid problems, glaucoma, or prostate issues should inform their doctor before using this medication.
• Not recommended for long-term use due to potential side effects; monitor for signs of prolonged use.
• Always inform your healthcare provider about all the medications you are currently taking to avoid any potential drug interactions.

Following are the drug interactions for Phenylephrine Injection:

• May interact with tricyclic antidepressants, leading to increased blood pressure.
• Antihypertensive medications can be antagonized by phenylephrine, resulting in reduced efficacy.
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) should be avoided due to the risk of severe hypertension.
• Concomitant use with other sympathomimetic agents may cause additive effects on blood pressure.
• Beta-blockers may reduce the vasopressor effects of phenylephrine.
• Drugs metabolized by CYP450 enzymes may have altered metabolism when used with phenylephrine.
• Caution is advised with insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents, as phenylephrine may increase blood glucose levels.

Following are the food interactions for Phenylephrine Injection:

• Phenylephrine injection should be used with caution in patients who consume large amounts of caffeine, as the combination may lead to increased blood pressure and heart rate.
• Avoid excessive consumption of tyramine-rich foods like aged cheeses, cured meats, and certain types of beer, as these can interact with Phenylephrine and raise blood pressure.
• Grapefruit and its juice should be consumed sparingly as it may interfere with the metabolism of Phenylephrine, potentially leading to increased drug levels in the body.
• Alcohol may enhance the side effects of Phenylephrine, causing increased drowsiness and dizziness. It is advisable to limit alcohol intake during treatment.
• High-sodium foods should be monitored, as Phenylephrine can interact with a high-sodium diet, affecting blood pressure control.
• Avoid energy drinks and excessive sugar intake, as these can interact with the effects of Phenylephrine and potentially lead to cardiovascular complications.
• No significant food interactions are known to directly impact the absorption of Phenylephrine, but maintaining a balanced diet is recommended for overall health.

Phenylephrine Injection should be stored in a controlled room temperature environment, typically between 20-25°C (68-77°F), in its original packaging to protect it from light and moisture. Ensure the injection is kept away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures, as it can affect the medication's potency. It is crucial to check the expiration date regularly and dispose of any expired or unused injections promptly. When disposing of Phenylephrine Injection, do not throw it into the trash or flush it down the toilet; instead, follow local guidelines for pharmaceutical waste disposal or consult a healthcare professional for guidance on safe disposal methods. Keep the medication out of children's reach to prevent accidental exposure.

Following are the quick tips for Phenylephrine Injection:

• Administer the injection under medical supervision to ensure proper dosage and technique.
• Ensure the injection is given intramuscularly or intravenously as directed by the healthcare provider.
• Do not inject if the solution appears discolored or contains particles.
• Inform your doctor if you have any allergies or medical conditions before receiving the injection.
• Store the injection as directed on the packaging, usually at room temperature away from light.
• Dispose of used needles and syringes safely in designated sharps containers.
• In case of any adverse reactions, contact your healthcare provider immediately.
• Keep a record of your medication schedule and inform your doctor about all medications you are taking.