We all know TB or Tuberculosis is a highly infectious disease of the lungs. But what is bone tuberculosis?
It’s a real thing. It happens when the TB spreads outside of the lungs and affects other body parts, particularly bones.
Let’s know more about this disease and ways to prevent it.
Table of Contents
What is Bone Tuberculosis?
Bone tuberculosis, also known as skeletal tuberculosis or osteoarticular tuberculosis, is a rare but serious infectious disease that primarily affects the bones and joints. TB is one of the most common health issues in Pakistan that might have a permanent effect on a patient’s life.
The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes it, the same organism responsible for pulmonary tuberculosis. This kind of tuberculosis is also known as extra-pulmonary tuberculosis.
It typically occurs when the bacteria spread from the lungs to the bones through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
What are the Symptoms of Bone Tuberculosis?
Bone TB typically affects the joints in the spine. Only 2-3% of cases of this disease occur in other joints, such as joints and hips.
Bone tuberculosis manifests in the form of these symptoms:
- Joint Pain: Persistent and worsening pain in the affected joint(s) is a common symptom.
- Swelling: Swelling and tenderness around the joints or bones may be observed.
- Stiffness: Limited movement and stiffness in the affected area can occur, especially in the morning.
- Fever: Low-grade fever might be present, accompanied by night sweats.
- Fatigue: Generalized weakness and fatigue may occur.
It’s important to note that the symptoms can vary, and some individuals may not exhibit all these signs.
How Does Bone Tuberculosis Occur?
Bone TB occurs when the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis invade the bones or joints. This can happen through the bloodstream or lymphatic system from a primary infection in the lungs or other organs.
Individuals with weakened immune systems are at a higher risk. Once in the bones, the bacteria cause inflammation, leading to the characteristic symptoms of bone tuberculosis.
How to Diagnose Bone Tuberculosis?
Diagnosing bone TB involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests. These diagnostic methods involve:
- Clinical History: The doctor will inquire about symptoms, previous tuberculosis exposure, and overall health.
- Physical Examination: Examining the affected joint or bone for signs of tenderness, swelling, and limited movement.
- Imaging Studies: X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans can help visualize bone and joint abnormalities.
- Biopsy: Your doctor may order a biopsy in which a sample of the affected tissue is taken to the laboratory analysis to confirm the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
What are the Lab Tests for Bone Tuberculosis?
If the bone tuberculosis is not obvious, your doctor may order some lab tests to confirm the disease. These lab tests may include:
- Mantoux Test: A skin test to check for a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculosis.
- Blood Tests: Serological tests such as interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) help detect tuberculosis infection.
- Culture: Culturing the bacteria from a biopsy sample to confirm the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
These tests aid in confirming the diagnosis and assessing the severity of bone tuberculosis.
Dr. Abubakar Atiq Durrani is one of the best orthopedic surgeons in Lahore. You can consult with him if you are worried about having bone TB-related symptoms.
How to Treat Bone Tuberculosis?
Treatment for bone tuberculosis typically involves a prolonged course of antibiotics, usually a combination of drugs, to effectively kill the bacteria.
Your doctor may prescribe you one of the following treatment regimens based on your symptom severity:
Antibiotic Therapy
The primary treatment for bone tuberculosis involves a prolonged course of antibiotics.
The most common drugs used include isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide.
The treatment for tuberculosis usually spans several months or up to a year. It’s crucial to complete the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor.
Note: You must not miss even one day or one dose of medication, as it will require you to start the complete course from day 1.
Surgery
In severe cases, surgery may be needed to remove infected tissue, drain abscesses, or stabilize affected bones.
The doctor usually recommends surgery as the course of treatment when there is a risk of bone or joint damage. Moreover, surgery is required when the infection doesn’t respond well to antibiotic treatment alone.
Supportive Care
A comprehensive care regimen may comprise of:
- Pain management: Pain relievers can help manage pain and discomfort associated with bone tuberculosis.
- Physical therapy: Rehabilitation exercises and physical therapy can improve joint function and prevent deformities.
Monitoring and Follow-up
Regular monitoring of the patient’s condition through clinical examinations and imaging studies may be necessary to assess the progress of treatment and make any necessary adjustments.
Nutrition
A balanced and nutritious diet can help support the immune system and overall health during the recovery process.
Rest
In the case of bone tuberculosis, adequate rest is a must-to-do thing. It allows the body to recover and respond to the treatment. Sometimes, when bone tuberculosis is severe, immobilization of the affected joints is necessary.
How to Prevent Bone Tuberculosis?
Let’s walk through some general guidelines to prevent this infectious disease:
TB Vaccination
The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is used in some countries to prevent severe forms of TB, including bone tuberculosis. However, its effectiveness can vary, and it may not be universally recommended.
Avoidance of TB Exposure
Limit exposure to individuals with active TB, especially in crowded and poorly ventilated areas. Use protective measures, such as masks, if you are in close contact with someone who has active TB.
Early Detection and Treatment
Seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of TB, such as persistent cough, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. Early detection and treatment of active TB can prevent the progression of bone tuberculosis.
Infection Control Measures
Encourage good respiratory hygiene, including covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. Practice good hand hygiene to reduce the risk of transmission.
Screening and Testing
Individuals at higher risk of TB exposure, such as those in contact with TB patients or living in high-prevalence areas, may undergo regular TB screening.
Mantoux tuberculin skin tests and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are commonly used for TB screening.
Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle
A healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep can contribute to overall immune system strength.
Healthwire is Here to Help!
Are you worried you might be having symptoms of bone tuberculosis?
Healthwire is here to help. You can reach out to the best orthopedic surgeons by booking an appointment with Healthwire. The help is just one click away, and you don’t need to worry! You are in good hands.
